The benefits of the B-vitamin folate for women in preventing birth defects are well known, but new research suggests the nutrient also boosts sperm health.
Men with relatively low levels of folate had increased risk for sperm irregularities. Their sperm contained either too few or too many chromosomes, according to researchers at the University of California, Berkeley. These types of deficiencies can cause birth defects and miscarriages, the experts noted.
Folate is found in leafy green vegetables, fruit and beans, chickpeas and lentils. By law, breads and grains sold in the United States are now fortified with folate to help ward off birth defects.
Background
"We looked at sperm to find different kinds of genetic abnormalities," said lead researcher Brenda Eskenazi, PhD, a professor of maternal and child health and epidemiology, and director of the Center for Children's Environmental Health at University of California, Berkeley's School of Public Health. "The abnormalities we looked at here were having too few or too many chromosomes," she said.
Human cells usually have two sets of 23 chromosomes. But "in sperm, you normally have one of each. Sometimes there are two and sometimes there are none of a particular chromosome," Dr. Eskenazi said.
If a normal egg was fertilized with one of these abnormal sperm, it could result in a birth defect, such as Down syndrome, Dr. Eskenazi said. "This can also result in an increase in miscarriage," she added.
The researchers looked at three specific chromosomes: X, Y and 21. "We saw an association between (male) folate intake and how many abnormal sperm there were, in terms of the chromosome number for these three different chromosomes," Dr. Eskenazi said.
The Study
Dr. Eskenazi's group analyzed sperm from 89 healthy men. The researchers also asked the men about their daily consumption of zinc, vitamin C, vitamin E and beta-carotene as well as folate.
The researchers found that men who had the highest intake of folate had the lowest incidence of sperm abnormalities. In fact, men who had the highest intake of folate—722 to 1,150 micrograms a day-had a 20% to 30% lower frequency of several types of sperm abnormalities, compared with men who consumed lower amounts of folate.
The study findings are published in the journal Human Reproduction.
Implication
Up until now, birth-defect researchers have typically focused on women's diet in the period around conception, Dr. Eskenazi said. "Based on these data, maybe men, too, need to consider their diet when they are considering fathering a child," she said.
Recommendation
Although this study doesn't conclusively prove a link between folate and chromosomal abnormality, Dr. Eskenazi advises men who are thinking of becoming fathers to increase their folate intake, perhaps with a supplement or a multivitamin containing folate.
Expert Reaction
One expert agrees that healthy eating is linked to having healthy babies—even for men.
"This is another common sense article that says good nutrition is associated with a better reproductive outcome," said Jamie Grifo, MD, PhD, director of reproductive endocrinology at New York University Medical Center.