Children at high risk for developing type 1 diabetes might be able to prevent the disease by eating foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, a new study suggests.
Researchers from the University of Colorado found that high-risk children with the highest omega-3 intake had up to a 55% reduced risk for type 1 diabetes.
"The kids with more omega-3 in their diets were about half as likely to develop type 1 diabetes than those with less," said study author Jill Norris, MPH, PhD, a professor in the department of preventive medicine and biometrics at the Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes at the University of Colorado at Denver.
Background
Omega-3 fatty acids are found in fish, walnuts and certain plant oils, such as canola and olive. Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and are believed to help reduce the incidence of heart disease.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the body mistakenly attacks the islet cells in the pancreas. The islet cells produce insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. In past research, scientists discovered that Norwegian children who were regularly given cod liver oil supplements, which are rich in omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D, had a lower incidence of type 1 diabetes. It wasn't clear, however, whether the vitamin D or the omega-3 was responsible for the reduced risk.
The Study
To assess the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the risk for type 1 diabetes, Dr. Norris and her colleagues recruited 1,770 children who were at high risk for developing type 1 diabetes, either because they had a family member with the disease or because they had genetic markers that put them at a higher risk for developing type 1 diabetes.
Parents began periodically reporting dietary intake when the children were a year old. The average age at follow-up was 6.2 years. During that time period, 58 children developed type 1 diabetes, according to the study.
The researchers found a 55% reduced risk for diabetes in those who reported consuming the most omega-3 fatty acids.
Because self-reported dietary information isn't always the most reliable indicator of actual consumption, the researchers conducted an analysis that included 244 children and measured a biomarker of omega-3 consumption from the blood. In this subgroup, the researchers found that omega-3 fatty acid consumption reduced the risk for type 1 diabetes by 37%.
Theory
Dr. Norris said the anti-inflammatory properties of omega-3s may be behind this potentially protective effect. "Inflammation is part of the very early process of diabetes," she explained.
"In type 1 diabetes, there is an inflammatory response that causes (islet) cell destruction, and it may be that omega-3 is a modulator of that inflammation," said Stuart Weiss, MD, an endocrinologist at New York University Medical Center. Dr. Weiss cautioned that this effect may not be permanent, however. "It may just be that omega-3s have delayed the onset of the disease, but the longer those cells function, the better."
More Research Needed
Dr. Weiss said he hopes the findings prompt a large, randomized, controlled study to confirm whether or not omega-3 consumption can truly prevent diabetes.
Dr. Norris said it's too soon to recommend that children, even those at high risk for diabetes, consume more omega-3s for the prevention of diabetes.
Dr. Weiss said that omega-3 fatty acids are often already part of a healthy diet since they're found in fish, fish oil and plant oils.
