A drug commonly prescribed to treat hypertension, atenolol (Tenormin), does not prevent heart attacks or cardiovascular death any better than a placebo, according to researchers.
In fact, because this beta-blocker is less effective than many other blood pressure medications, it should not be used to treat high blood pressure, they say. In addition, the researchers recommend that atenolol not be used as a control drug in clinical studies because it can make the test drug look more effective than it may really be.
The Evidence
These conclusions are the result of scientists reviewing four studies that compared atenolol with a placebo in 6,825 patients for as long as six years.
"We looked at all studies where atenolol is a first-line drug," says lead researcher Dr. Bo Carlberg from the Umea University Hospital in Sweden. The purpose was to determine its efficacy at reducing death by any cause, and specifically from cardiovascular disease, heart attack or stroke.
The results: Although atenolol was effective in lowering blood pressure, compared with placebo, atenolol did not decrease the risk of death of any kind, did not reduce the risk of cardiovascular death (and) did not reduce the risk of heart attack," says Carlberg.
It did, however, show a clear "but not significant tendency in reducing the frequency of stroke," he adds.
Fares Poorly Among Peers
The investigators also reviewed five studies comparing atenolol with other types of blood pressure drugs, including diuretics, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and the angiotensin II antagonist, losartan.
In these studies, atenolol appeared to be not as good as these other drugs in preventing death, Carlberg reports.
Although unproven through research, Carlberg doesn't believe other beta-blockers have the same problem as atenolol. "Our hypothesis is that atenolol is different from other beta-blockers," he says. "Atenolol is a widely used drug, but the documentation about its effects on cardiovascular disease is weak. We suggest that it shouldn't be a first-line drug. There are many more effective antihypertensive drugs with much better documentation."
The Reaction
"There is no problem with atenolol," says Gary Burell, a spokesman for AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, which no longer actively promotes atenolol because it is available as a less expensive generic drug.
The review "is a reminder that medical care can never be complacent," says Dr. David L. Katz, director of the Prevention Research Center at Yale University School of Medicine. "Atenolol is a drug long used in the treatment of hypertension. But since its introduction, many new drugs have come along, and some old drugs have been assessed in new ways."
Katz notes that rarely does a single paper warrant abrupt change in clinical practice. "But clinicians and researchers alike must keep their practice in line with the most current evidence," he adds. "By this standard, it is indeed probable that atenolol is overused, and that the tailored selection of antihypertensive therapy can, and should be improved."
