Drug May Prevent Dialysis Catheter Infections

Replacing the commonly used blood-thinner heparin with a clot-dissolving stroke drug in dialysis catheters once a week may reduce the incidence of catheter malfunctions and infections, according to new research.

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is a medication normally used to break up stroke-causing clots in the brain. However, when researchers used this drug in dialysis catheters instead of heparin after one of three dialysis sessions a week, the rate of catheter malfunction dropped from 35% to 20%. In addition, the infection rate was 4.5% in the group that received rt-PA compared with 13% for the group treated only with heparin.

"With rt-PA we could reduce the rates of catheter malfunction by about 50% and infections by almost two-thirds," said the study's lead author, Brenda Hemmelgarn, MD, PhD, an associate professor of medicine at the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada.

Results of the study are published in The New England Journal of Medicine, and funding for the study was provided by Hoffmann-La Roche, a manufacturer of rt-PA.

Catheter Use In Dialysis

Central venous catheters are used in dialysis to draw the blood out, and then to return it to the body after it has been cleansed by the dialysis machine. These catheters are the fastest method to gain access to the veins, but they have a higher risk of complications (such as infection and hospitalization) than other access methods, according to an accompanying editoral in the journal.

Because of time constraints, most people undergoing hemodialysis have central venous catheters, according to background information in the article. And, about half of those catheters stop working within a year, often because of blood clots, said Dr. Hemmelgarn. Or an infection may occur, and serious catheter-related infections are one of the most common causes of death for people undergoing dialysis, the authors said.

Most people on dialysis get treatments three times a week. After each treatment, the catheter is "locked" with a solution, usually of heparin and saline.

The Research

But in this study, the researchers replaced heparin with rt-PA after one of the three dialysis sessions for randomly selected patients from a group of 225 long-term dialysis patients. One hundred and fifteen people were assigned to heparin locks, while 110 received a once-a-week rt-PA lock along with two standard heparin locks. The treatment period lasted six months.

Catheter malfunctions occurred in 40 of the 115 patients (34.8%) receiving heparin only, but in just 22 of 110 (20%) of those getting rt-PA, according to the study. And, the rate of infection was significantly less too, with just five patients (4.5% in the rt-PA group experiencing a serious infection versus 15 (13%) of those in the heparin-only group.

Implications

"I think it-PA is able to break up small clots and prevent bigger clots, which prevents the catheter from getting blocked," said Dr. Hemmelgarn. Also, without tiny blood clots in the catheter, bacteria doesn't have a good place to congregate either," she added.

"We're now able to use medication as prevention, and we can prevent these complications from developing in the first place," she said.

Concerns

One drawback to tt-PA is the price. In Canada, she said the monthly cost of heparin for a dialysis patient is about $156 per patient. But rt-PA costs about $582 a month. However, she noted that rt-PA may end up being more cost-effective in the long run if it prevents complications.

Another concern with the use of rt-PA is the risk of excessive bleeding. In the current study, the researchers found similar rates of bleeding between the heparin-only group and the rt-PA group.

Expert Reaction

Asked about the study, Robert Provenzano, MD, chief of nephrology at St. John Hospital and Medical Center in Detroit, said that an increased risk of bleeding is definitely a concern. He noted that other cheaper drugs are available for catheter solutions.

Still, he said, "this drug appears to do two things-decrease infections by almost half and most importantly, it preserves the catheters. There's a cost and morbidity associated with having to change catheters. This is a very small study, but it appears to work."